Survival Essays (3060 words) - Camping, Firelighting, Tinder

Survival SURVIVAL Table of Contents CHAPTER PAGE NUMBER 1. DEFINITIONS 2 2. SHELTERS 2-3 3. FIRE 3-6 4. FOOD 6-7 5. WATER 7 6. TOOLS 8 7. SURVIVAL KITS 9-10 DEFINITIONS Survival ? Survival is emerging from natural or manmade disaster in a better position than the average person. Preparedness ? Preparedness is making preparations before disaster or disasters strike to improve your chances of survival. SHELTER Shelters are made to stay out of the wind, rain, and sun. Shelters are also used to live in and get plenty of rest. There are many types of shelters. The shelters are classified in to two categories, natural and man made. Natural shelters are shelters that you can find naturally made or not man made. There are many natural shelters. Here are some examples of natural shelters, caves, rocky overhangs, thickets, and many more. You can also find some other types of natural shelters. Man made shelters are shelter that you make. You may be lucky and find an abandoned building or some type of shelter. There are many types of man made shelters like lean-to's, igloos, brick shelters and many more. Here are some examples below that you can make. You can also create and make your very own shelter for your specific needs. Lean -To shelters are shelters that you lean branches or some item onto another. You just need branches or trees, leaves and ferns. Ferns will help waterproof the roof and any other areas that you want waterproofed. Mud brick shelters are sturdier but may take longer to build. You cut the turf in to the size of bricks you want. Then you can build the walls for the shelter. Next you need to build a roof (ferns would work well). Igloos can be made if there is snow. You need a snow pile. First put a backpack or some object in snow at top. Then, dig out an entrance that is big enough for you to get in and out. Next, dig until you find backpack or object, then pull it out carefully. Finally, excavate or shape the inside. Here are some ideas of shelter that you may be able to build. FIRE To build a fire you need three types of materials. The three types of material are tinder, kindling and fuel. Tinder Birch Bark Fine wood shavings Dead grass, leaves Straw Sawdust Dead evergreen needles Completely rooted parts of dead logs Bird down(fine feathers) Milkweed, dry cattails, bulrush Fine, dried vegetable fibers Lint from pocket and seams Waxed paper Gunpowder Cotton Kindling Small twigs Small strips of wood Split wood Heavy cardboard Pieces of wood removed from the inside of larger pieces Wood that has been doused with highly flammable materials such as gas, oil, or wax Fuel Dry, standing wood and dry, dead branches Dry inside (heart) of fallen tree trunks and large branches Green wood that is finely split Dry grasses twisted into bunches Peat dry enough to burn (this may be found at the top of undercut banks) Dried animal dung Animal fats Coal, oil shale, or oil lying on the surface BUILDING THE FIRE Building a fire may take some time, but in the end it is worth it. There are for main ways to build or lay a fire. They are Teepee, Lean ? To, Pyramid, and Cross ? Ditch. Teepee ? Arrange the tinder and a few sticks of kindling into the shape of a teepee or cone. Light the center and the outside logs will fall inward, feeding the fire. Lean-To -Push a stick into the ground at a 30 angle, with the end of the stick pointing into the wind. Put tinder far under the lean-to stick. Lean some kindling against the lean-to stick. As the kindling catches fire add more wood or fuel. Pyramid- Place two larger logs parallel on the ground. Place a solid layer of smaller logs across the two logs. Add 3 to 4 more layers, each layer smaller than the last. Make a small starter fire on top, as it burns it will light the logs below it. Cross-Ditch- Scratch a cross about 12 inches in size on the ground, and about 3 inches deep. Put

Ceo Duality Essays - Corporate Governance, Management, Corporate Law

Ceo Duality Essays - Corporate Governance, Management, Corporate Law Ceo Duality October 22,1999 Term Paper Separating the Board Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer: Pro and Con & Rebecca Hundley I Introduction Numerous reports on corporate governance have emphasised the desirability of increasing the number of outside directors on boards. An equally important and related issue is a growing insistence that the role of chairman and chief executive should be separate, though on this issue there is less unanimity in the U.S. than in other countries. Choosing the right Chief Executive officer is the key task for the board of directors. Pressure on chief executives to perform in ever decreasing time frames makes it essential that the CEO and the Board work closely together. An effective chief Executive will drive company strategy, lead the top team and fulfill shareholder ambitions . A good CEO will transform Board dynamics by keeping an open line of communication, placing a high value on Board input, and promoting the belief that management and the Board is working toward common goals. The average Board size is between eight and nine members. It used to be that Boards were constructed of executives with one or two non-executives; but trends are swiftly driving executives out of the boardroom as even the CEOs familiar role as chairman has been called into question. There has been a notable shift from executive director to non-executive director in the boardroom. The supposed advantages to these changes are to provide greater board independence from management, greater objectivity, and a representation of multiple perspectives. Bosch believes that the fundamental principle underlying this composition is accountability; if you have strong independent directors, a separation of the Chair/ Chief executive role will safeguard accountability . An opinion widely held is that separating the role of chairman from chief executive- would secure a board sufficient power to challenge CEO dominance. Although in many cases that rationale holds true, there are considerable benefits to CEO duality. Researchers have suggested that chairman/chief executive duality is a double-edged sword . While some stockholders are put off by the absence of board control and checks and balances, others are reassured by the presence of unity of command and the absence of potentially acrimonious conflict between strong-minded individuals. Finkelsein and DAveni found that a major factor in divining the success of this duality was the level of CEO informal power. Either perceptual or objective data can be used to measure informal CEO power. Although some researchers have used perceptual measures of power, power is a sensitive subject for many managers. In using perceptual measures, a researcher assumes that social actors are knowledgeable about power within their organizations; informants are willing to divulge what they know about power distributions; and such a questioning process II Advantages of CEO Duality When it comes to insiders versus outsiders on the board, a predominant role for insiders finds support more often, probably because insiders are more familiar with the issues, the technology, and the practice of the firm . Only they who are deeply involved and can make it work add value. It is simply not viable for twice removed outsiders, no matter how expert, to provide anything other than a cursory perspective and maybe act as an eventual deterrent to abuses of executive power. According to organizational theory, this CEO duality can establish strong, unambiguous leadership . By consolidating two of the most prestigious offices in a company stakeholders are often reassured, because it clarifies decision-making authority . An additional problem with nonduality is that it weakens and disrupts CEOs ability to manage the task environments their organization faces. For example, several laboratory studies suggested that the participation of constituencies who review negotiator action lead to less effective and more difficult negotiation processes. As a result, The reasons the positions of chairman and CEO are usually combined is that this provides a single focal point for company leadership(Anderson/Anthony) A powerful and effective CEO creates an image of stability and instills a sense of well being to its employees as well as its shareholders, projecting a clear sense of direction. III Negative aspects of CEO Duality When a companys chief executive officer is also the chairperson of its board, directors often have contrary objectives . Boards of directors are charged with ensuring that Chief Executive Officers

How to Prove Your Family Tree Connections

How to Prove Your Family Tree Connections There is nothing more frustrating to a genealogist than locating details on an ancestor in a published book, Web page, or database, only to later find that the information is full of errors and inconsistencies. Grandparents are often linked as parents, women bear children at the tender age of 6, and often entire branches of a family tree are attached based on nothing more than a hunch or guess. Sometimes you may not even discover the problems until sometime later, leading you to spin your wheels struggling to confirm inaccurate facts, or researching ancestors who arent even yours. What can we as genealogists do to: Make sure that our family histories are as well-researched and accurate as possible.Educate others so that all of these inaccurate family trees dont continue to procreate and multiply? How can we prove our family tree connections and encourage others to do the same? This is where the Genealogical Proof Standard established by the Board for Certification of Genealogists comes in. Genealogical Proof Standard As outlined in Genealogy Standards by the Board for Certification of Genealogists, the Genealogical Proof Standard consists of five elements: A reasonably exhaustive search for all pertinent informationA complete and accurate citation to the source of each item usedAnalysis of the collected informations quality as evidenceResolution of any conflicting or contradictory evidenceArrive at a soundly reasoned, coherently written conclusion A genealogical conclusion that meets these standards can be considered proved. It may still not be 100% accurate, but it is as close to accurate as we can attain given the information and sources available to us. Sources, Information Evidence When collecting and analyzing the evidence to prove your case, it is important first to understand how genealogists use sources, information, and evidence. Conclusions which meet the five elements of the Genealogical Proof Standard will generally continue to hold as true, even if new evidence is uncovered. The terminology used by genealogists is also a little different than what you may have learned in history class. Instead of using the terms primary source and secondary source, genealogists quantify the difference between sources (original or derivative) and the information that is derived from them (primary or secondary).   Original vs. Derivative SourcesReferring to the provenance of the record, original sources are records that contribute written, oral, or visual information not derived- copied, abstracted, transcribed, or summarized- from another written or oral record. Derivative sources are, by their definition, records which have been derived- copied, abstracted, transcribed, or summarized- from previously existing sources. Original sources usually carry more weight than derivative sources.Primary vs. Secondary InformationReferring to the quality of the information contained within a particular record, primary information comes from records created at or near the time of an event with information contributed by a person who had reasonably close knowledge of the event. Secondary information, by contrast, is information found in records created a significant amount of time after an event occurred or contributed by a person who was not present at the event. Primary information usually carries more we ight than secondary information. Direct vs. Indirect EvidenceEvidence only comes into play when we ask a question and then consider whether the information found in a particular record answers that question. Direct evidence is information that directly answers your question (e.g., When was Danny born?) without a need for other evidence to explain or interpret it. Indirect evidence, on the other hand, is circumstantial information that requires additional evidence or thought to convert it into a reliable conclusion. Direct evidence usually carries more weight than indirect evidence. These classes of sources, information, an original source, and evidence are rarely as clear-cut as they sound since information found in one particular source can be either primary or secondary. For example, a source containing primary information directly relating to the death may also provide secondary information regarding items such as the deceaseds date of birth, parents names, and even childrens names. If the information is secondary, it will have to be further assessed based on who provided that information (if known), whether or not the informant was present at the events in question, and how closely that information correlates with other sources.

Should California Pass a Law that Protects Employees from Workplace Research Paper

Should California Pass a Law that Protects Employees from Workplace Bullying - Research Paper Example entire population of the globe is moving ahead towards the betterment and improving the standard way of life, yet, people are coming across numerous problems and concerns in their everyday lives, particularly in their workplace environment. One of the prominent social and ethical dilemmas needing to come under consideration in the twenty first century is bullying although bullying is a significant concern that dates back to centuries. Moreover, experts have indicated it as one of the growing concerns; however, until few years ago, it has gone under ignorance. Bullying can be defined as "repeated and persistent negative actions towards one or more individual(s), which involves a perceive power imbalance and create a hostile environment" (Pate & Beaumont, 2010, pp. 172). In other words, bullying is a practice that either an individual or a group of people carries out that includes an unwelcomed or violent behavior in order to prove that they are dominant or have supremacy power over the weaker individuals. Moreover, bullying occurs with an intention to hurt or intimidate the other person or to create a level of embarrassment or humiliation for him/her in public. Recent studies have revealed the fact that according to common observations, the unpleasant and insulting actions of bullying have a frequent impact that outlasts and continues with the passage of time (LaVan & Martin, 2008). It has been an understanding that people with supremacy bully around the weaker people and make the victims’ abilities, gender, religion, or cultures as the source of origin to exploit or abuse. Verbal harassment, physical assault, and psychological violence or anxieties are the primary methods and techniques that come under exercise in bullying. The victims of bullying are even termed as â€Å"targets†, and â€Å"bully† is the person who intimidates the victim. Moreover, several people who just stand as an audience to become the witnesses of bully come under the reference as

Linking of Nursing concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Linking of Nursing concepts - Essay Example Generally, in today’s modern health systems, education for both the professionals and the patients plays a critical in the nursing faculty. As Carpenter and Bell suggested, teaching is a vital, teaching is a major characteristic of the nurse’s role. With the emerging trends in healthcare, there is the need for nurses to be accountable in terms of quality care delivery to patients. Therefore, these professionals must demonstrate the extent of the knowledge and skills acquired not only to their peers but also to the patients (Bastable, 2008 p.94). Imperative to note is that these professionals are obliged to teach and assist others while at the same time learn within the healthcare settings. Within the nursing fraternity in a majority of the states are nurse practice acts (NPA) in whose scope include teaching as a nursing responsibility. By the stipulated legal mandate of these acts, it is expected that nurses provide high quality instructions for the wellbeing of consume rs and diseases management. In undertaking this role of information and knowledge dissemination, nurses are able to achieve their professional goal in provision of safe, cost-effective and high quality care. For quality assurance purposes various organizations and agencies have to abide to the mandates stipulated by healthcare accreditation bodies. Such mandates elaborate the forms of care, treatment regimens and services offered to patients with different conditions. Another legal perspective in nursing education has been enshrined in the patient’s bill of rights. In this law, nurses provide complete and up to date information with regard to diagnosis, cure and prognosis in an understandable manner to patients (Bastable, 2008 p.116). Patient education in nursing as a profession majorly focuses on increasing the client’s confidence for managing of self. Effective teaching by the nurses has a lot of potential in boosting client satisfaction, ensuring continuity of self care, quality of life improvement, reduction in health complications and enhance adherence to treatment. On their part, the nurses achieve job satisfaction as educators as they forge and promote therapeutic interrelationships with patients, increased patient nurse independence and accountability boost. The education process in nursing can be likened to the nursing process itself which covers examination, planning, implementation and finally evaluation o the outcomes (Bastable, 2008 p.98). The art of practicing nursing at a higher level requires a thorough understanding of theory and ability to effectively apply the theory in provision of quality healthcare services to patients. The position of theory in the field of nursing has been perceived to be worthless for many years. This has led to the culmination of a situation termed theory-practice gap. Therefore, specialized knowledge at it is a fundamental aspect in other disciplines is also important in nursing. In order to have a deep understanding of this subject, nurses must acquire formal study in nursing comprising of precise philosophical and theoretical aspects. Additionally, the nurses must master the competencies and abilities to employ the knowledge in provision of healthcare to humankind. The carrying out of nursing duties is an intentional and premeditated act that is guided by nursing science and other knowledge sources. This practice is ultimately intended for

Man and the Machine Essay Example for Free

Man and the Machine Essay From the aeon of the history, we have perceived that man has been developing at jet speed in the fields of science and technology. Man, who once lived in the forest, in the natural state, is now on the cliff of mechanical advancement. The question arises today is, â€Å"who made whom? Did machine make man or man made the machine? The question might seem obscure or absurd but it intrigues us to ruminate over. The life leaning upon the Nature has taken a hue turn towards machines. Hence it’s difficult to operate man away from machines and visa versa. With the embrace of machines man has become systematic and machine perspective towards living. Man in history invented machines but became dependent too. Once man had cure in the nature, joy in the lap of nature and lived a satiated life in the bosom of Nature. Machines have denatured man. Machines that assumed â€Å"Nano† forms became part of man. Today one can’t but has to lean on them to survive. At present the machine is helping a small minority to live on at the exploitation of the masses. The motive force of this minority is not humanity and love of their kind, but greed and avarice. The craze of cell-phones is the best example today. We find no men without mobile. It’s a small machine that operates man in all his advancements. It’s not wrong to have such machines but the attachment and dependency of living on them has curtailed human freedom, energy and the strength. Ostensibly, it has become inseparable part of human living. Advances in technology have resulted in man feeling more isolated, alienated and lonesome as computers and i-pods have replaced human interaction. No man is sensitive to their feelings like machines when they are engaged by them. Should machines dominate us –rational, free human beings or should they be used for the development of our skills, talents and relationship? The question is applicable to all. Let us make the best of it to make the world a beautiful place to live in.

Privacy Rights and Social Media Essay -- Twitter, Facebook, Instagram,

A person’s right to privacy is being challenged with the high use of social media such as Facebook and Twitter. What used to be considered part of your personal life is not so personal anymore. When one chooses to share details about ones-self to their friends via a social media, they are not always thinking about the â€Å"other† people. The other people could be ones current boss or future employer. Other people could be a school official, your baseball coach, your friends’ mother; you name it the list goes on and on. Recently, a few employers or perspective employers have requested Facebook and other social network log-in information. It is probably a violation of equal employment laws, and there are two senators investigating the practice of requiring job applicants and employees to provide their social network log-in information as a condition of employment. Most of us feel that what we do outside of work or school is our personal life and should have no bearing on our professional/business life. Being on a sports team during high school, we were told on many occasions to not bring outside problems or issues to practice with us. In a sense, now looking back, the coach was respecting our privacy. She did not want to know that one’s cell phone bill is over two hundred dollars and their mother is going to be very angry when she sees it, or that one had an argument with their boyfriend twenty minutes before leaving for practice. She was allowing us to keep our personal life separate from our sports life. Ms. Galutz, color guard instructor, would refer to this practice as â€Å"checking your baggage at the door,† It does not mean they were not looking at what you were doing outside of our practice times, it just meant to not let it aff... ... a future employer would perceive what they see. Protect your own right to privacy and limit what you allow to be public information. Reducing your friends list may help protect you, too. If you know a certain group of friends that are the weekend party people, then maybe they need to be just your friends and not your Facebook friends. Hopefully, in the near future, there will be some legislation passed to protect our privacy rights but even then remember you are the best defense against any personal information that may cause damage to yourself. Works Cited News, WKTV. WKTV News Channel. 14 February 2012. . Press, Associated. US. News. 26 July 2006. .

Of Studies by Francis Bacon Essay

Of Studies is the first essay of the first collection of ten essays of Francis Bacon which was published in 1597. But it was revised for the edition of 1612. More than dozen new sentences were added and some words were also altered. Of Studies is typically Baconian essay with an astonishing terseness, freshness of illustrations, logical analysis, highly Latinized vocabulary, worldly wisdom and Renaissance enlightenment. Bacon through a syllogistic tripartite statement begins his argument to validate the usefulness and advantage of study in our life. Bacon has the power of compressing into a few words a great body of thought. Thus he puts forward the three basic purposes of studies: â€Å"Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability†. He later expands his sentence to bring lucidity and clearness. Studies fill us delight and aesthetic pleasure when we remain private and solitary. While we discourse, our studies add decoration to our speech. Further, the men of study can decide best on the right lines in business and politics. Bacon deprecates too much studies and the scholar’s habit to make his judgment from his reading instead of using his independent views. Bacon is a consummate artist of Renaissance spirit. Thus he knows the expanse of knowledge and utility of studies. He advocates a scientific enquiry of studies. Through an exquisite metaphor drawn from Botany he compares human mind to a growing plant. As the growing plants need to be pruned and watered and manured for optimum development, the new growing conscience of us are to be tutored, mounded, oriented and devised by studies. But it is experience which ultimately matures our perception and leads us to perfection: â€Å"They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants that need proyning by study†. Next Bacon considers what persons despise studies and what people praise them and what people make practical use of them. The crafty men condemn studies; simple men admire them while the wise men make ultimate use of it. But it should be remembered that the inquisitive mind and keen observation  cultivate the real wisdom. Bacon advises his readers to apply studies to ‘weigh and consider’ rather than useless contradictions and grandiloquence. In The Advancement of Learning Bacon makes systematic classifications of studies and considers different modes to be employed with different kinds of books: â€Å"Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested†. The books according to its value and utility are to be devised into various modes of articulations. The worthy classical pragmatic sort are to be adorned by expertise reading with diligence while the meaner sort of books or less important books are to be read in summary or by deputy. Again the global span of knowledge is revealed in his analysis of various subjects and their beneficent categories. The scholarly mind of Bacon here makes the subtle observation: â€Å"Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend†. Studies do not shape a perfect man without the needed conference and writing. â€Å"And therefore if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth’ not†. Bacon further tells us that our studies pass into our character (Abeunt studia in mores). Rightly so the constitution of our moral disposition is the outcome of our learning and experience. Every defect of the mind, Bacon says, may be cured by a proper choice of reading. Bacon here draws a parallel between the physical exercise and intellectual exercise. As different games, sports, exercises beget growth and development, the different branches of studies cures the in capability of logic, wondering of wit, lack of distinguish etc. Bacon emphatically concludes that every defect of the mind may have a special receipt and remedial assurance. Of Studies contains almost all the techniques of Bacon’s essay writing and the world of his mind. It is full of wisdom, teachings and didacticism. In style, the essay is epigrammatic proverbial form, of balance and force. It is full of warmth and colour, profound wit and knowledge, experience and observation.

‘No Dialects Please’ by Merle Collins Essay

Task: Using any literary or linguistic approach with which you are familiar, write about how the impressions of the speakers are created in the poem ‘No Dialects Please’ by Merle Collins. The poem takes the form of a reply to a competition â€Å"looking for poetry of worth† but the entry requirements, to the discus of this writer who is of African origin, state they must use â€Å"NO DIALECTS PLEASE†. In response the poem is written in the African accent, using phonetic structures of words, and including dialectical vocabulary but still containing a point both strong and emotive giving the poem the ability to fit the requirement for, â€Å"poetry of worth for a writin that could wrap up a feelin an fling it back hard with the captive power to choke de stars†. This is done in the poem, which tells of the writer’s feelings due to the suggestion that a dialect could not meet these requirements for poetry. Throughout the writers feelings are conveyed to the reader and are obviously strong, making the poetry that of the category which the competition was looking for which was exemplified by the powerful metaphor â€Å"captive power to choke the stars†. The feelings in the poem are clear, disgust, outrage and even pain due to the competition’s lack of respect for her dialect, which indicates their lack of respect for the writer’s culture, a feature the writer relates back to the slave trade. In the poems graphology two main characteristics indicate the emotions of the writer. The use of uppercase characters and explanation marks indicate an exaggeration in the tone of the words, for instance â€Å"AFRICAN SLAVES PLEASE!† The presence of this exaggeration indicates the disbelief of the write at the statements, which is further demonstrated by the presence of the â€Å"please† at the end of most the statements acting as a softener to the command prior as a pathetic attempt to prevent the insult that the writer feels. Another simple way that feelings are conveyed is through evaluative adjectives in the direct speech of the writer provided by the monologue form, for example when the writer is speaking about the lack of knowledge the British population has about the history of their language she says, â€Å"how dis British education mus really be narrow† The strength of the writer’s feeling can also be seen in the syntactical repetition of â€Å"Is not only dat ah think†, throughout the second verse and the pattern of three in the third verse, â€Å"bout a culture o we own a language o we own a identity o we own† The writer also says, â€Å"But if dat not enough pain for a body to bear†, indicating the suffering she feels is almost unbearable causing her a great amount of suffering. The writer’s defiance from the English when she states, â€Å"Make me ha to go and start up a language o me own† shows she feels like she does not want to be included when they are told, â€Å"We’re all British!†, but would rather have her own culture conveyed through her language including her dialect. Overall the whole poem acts as an example to show how the competition is wrong to remove dialect from poems, as it will prevent the conveyed feelings to be received by the audience. This is done by the whole poem being in the writers dialect but still being intelligently, shown by the cohesion and educated lexis, and effectively powerful.

Culturally relative ethical issues

Culturally relative ethical issues As it would be observed, human beings are defined by different ethical behaviors and standards. Culturally relativism is very common in the contemporary world, since each and every community in the world has its own activities and beliefs, as it is defined by their own culture (Mackinnon, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Culturally relative ethical issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In most cases, the ethical standards of one community may tend to differ greatly with those of another, due to their varied cultural settings. A perfect example of a culturally relative ethical issue is the belief by some communities that, people of different genders should not shake hands. Another example is the predominant practice of female genital mutilation, which is prevalent in some communities. Shaking of hands is a common habit allover the world, and there are many reasons why people would shake hands with each other i n the first place. While it is usual for people to shake hands to exchange greetings, some communities and tribes would tend to view this as a wrongful practice. This must explain the reason why some Muslim men don’t shake hands with their female counterparts. This practice is also common in the Jewish culture, where shaking of hands between people of different sex is highly forbidden, unless they were married. The people in these communities generally believe that, shaking a woman’s hand is a disrespectful way of touching them, and this may infer sexual desires (Margolin et al., 2005). Many people may not find this perception of hand shake across genders acceptable, but personally I believe it creates some manners and respect between people of different genders.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this regard, other people in the world should try to adopt and foll ow the Jewish culture at all costs. This way, we shall be able to make use of other polite ways while expressing our greetings or regards to people of the opposite sex. The practice of female genital mutilation has been a highly debated issue allover the world. The custom has proved to be acceptable to some communities, while it has remained a big challenge for other communities to embrace. The habit of female circumcision is observed to be prevalent in countries such as; South America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, among other regions of the world. The proponents of this custom have always offered strong cultural reasons as to why they practice it, and one of the common reasons here is that, circumcision is a celebrated right of passage for the female. However, many people across the world see this as an abhorrent practice against the women, and have always detested it. Female circumcision is associated with many ethical and social issues, and this explains why some Western co untries have outlawed it. In most cases, the ritual is carried out between the ages of four and twelve. This is a very tender age for such a risky operation to be carried on a child, especially by persons who have no medical expertise. Apart from the pain and the physical complications which the victims are likely to suffer, there are also many health consequences associated with the ritual. For instance, the procedure is normally conducted without sterile instruments and this can result to serious health effects on the victims (Whitehorn, Ayonrinde and Maingay, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Culturally relative ethical issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is no doubt that, female circumcision is one of the most harmful cultural rituals conducted on women today, and in that case, it needs to be eradicated. References Mackinnon, B. (2011). Ethics theory and contemporary issues, 7th ed. Belmont, CA: W adsworth Publishing. Margolin, G., Chien, D., Duman, S., Fauchier, A., Gordis, E., Oliver, P.,Ramos, M., Vickerman, K. (2005). Ethical issues in couple and family research. Journal of  Family Psychology, 19(1), 157. Whitehorn, J., Ayonrinde, O., Maingay, S. (2002). Female genital mutilation: cultural and psychological implications. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 17(2), 161-170.

Analysis Of Divine Command Theory Philosophy Essay

Analysis Of Divine Command Theory Philosophy Essay Divine command theory is an ethical view based on theism or the belief that God exists. Followers of the theory accept that all moral judgment is derived from an understanding of God’s character or his direct commandments. In other words, â€Å"what is in accordance with God’s command is moral and what is contrary to that command is immoral† (Farnell, 2005). The holy books of each religion (e.g. The Bible, Koran, and Torah) contain God’s directions. Therefore, they can be used as guides to distinguish between morally good and bad actions. The idea that ethics and religion are connected is far-reaching, and it leads us to examine religion’s role in our society. Advantages Although divine command theory has been rejected as a working ethical theory, there are a few ways in which it does provide an advantage as an ethical framework. First, God’s commands set forth universal moral rules. The rules can be applied to anyone, at all times and place s. The belief that God is eternal and never changes means that his commands are as relevant today as when they were first recorded. Second, God’s commands don’t depend on what others think are right or wrong. His commands are completely objective. For example, one of God’s commandments is not to commit murder (Exodus 21:13). Even if your friends believe that murder is acceptable (for instance, capital punishment), they are still wrong because their beliefs oppose God’s will. Under this theory, morality exists outside of human reasoning because God is the ultimate authority. Third, if you disobey God, you will be punished. If you follow his commands, you’ll be rewarded. God is both omnipotent and omnipresent. If you choose to disobey, your punishment is inescapable. If you obey, God will bless you with eternal life and a place in heaven. Those who believe have a strong incentive to follow his commands. Finally, traditional religions are centuries ol d and have recorded many of God’s commands. Religious texts allow us to know and understand the character of God, and they make it easier to know how to act morally. For Christian believers, the Word of God is in The Bible and they are secure in the concrete, moral teachings written in its pages. Critiques There are several reasons why divine command theory falls short as a working ethical viewpoint. One objection focuses on the sheer number of world religions and their different interpretations of the nature of God (or their gods). How does a divine command theorist know that their God’s commands are the right ones to follow? It is impossible to prove that the insights of Allah overrule the laws of Yahweh. Even within Christianity, a schism has existed between Catholic and Protestant believers since The Reformation in 1517. Under divine command theory only one religion can be correct and the followers of that God are the only ones leading moral lives (Austin, 2006). T his leads into the next objection. God’s commands can be easily misconstrued. That is, how do we determine the correct interpretation of the sacred texts? When God states that we should not commit murder, does that mean murder is always immoral, or should we take into account the specific context in which God gave this command? During this process of interpretation, we are actually exercising our own sense of morality. We must rely on our own understanding of God’s goodness and act on moral laws we deem consistent with God’s commands (Adams, 1999). We cannot take ourselves completely out of the picture when determining God’s position on ethical issues.

Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Response - Assignment Example ial component of the educational system and the way their responsibilities and training have changed over the decades makes them an active participant in the evolving educational system of the present and future. The school principal is the architect of a students educational life. He is the person who dictates what subjects are to be taught and how. He holds in his hands, the power to educate or dumb down his students. The Wallace Report has proven that principals have slowly come to embrace the fact that just because they are administrators, that does not mean they are no longer educators. Thanks to their continuous training programs, the students of the future will continue to benefit from the skills of principals who concentrate more on the educational welfare of their students rather than the financial bottom line of the school districts. Overall, I learned a lot from this study about how a principal should perform his job as an administrator. As such, my first order of business is to ensure the quality of education and teaching that the children in my school receive. I have to work towards the end result of having no child left behind in the educational system before making sure that my school is running within its budget and other requirements of the school district. The Wallace Foundation published a book or rather, the results of their decade long research into what makes for an effective learning environment in schools. With the publication of â€Å" The School Principal as Leader: Guiding Schools to Better Teaching and learning, they try to answer key questions that are relevant to the quality of education that our students receive. Their data came back as clear as daylight. The school principal is the most important person within the existing school system. The weight of the quality of education delivered by a school is reliant upon his effective administrative and educator skills. Every parent has a vision of what the perfect school system should be